please follow the instructions carefully

A. Student
BY206 – Microbiology
Spring 2014
Outline: H5N1 Avian Influenza Pandemics
INTRO PARAGRAPH (introductory remarks, direction of paper)
Intro sentence
Structure of the virus; related viruses (www.cdc.com)
Comparison of morbidity and mortality rates in humans
Connection with the 1918 H1N1 Spanish Influenza pandemic (Black, 2008)
New research and strategies in controlling the spread of the virus
Goals and direction of this essay
SECOND PARAGRAPH (transmission issues)
Viral transmission routes
Pathophysiology in birds
Cats and dogs and their role in transmission in human cases
First human outbreaks and their pathophysiology (CDC, Avian flu 2006)
Risk to poultry workers (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2006)
THIRD PARAGRAPH (epidemiology of pandemics)
Risk to human populations worldwide (World Health Organization website)
Mutations and the risk of a pandemic
Impact of backyard poultry flocks to worldwide infections
FOURTH PARAGRAPH (signs, symptoms and treatments)
Human symptoms and signs
Morbidity and mortality rates and why they are linked to tissue targets
Impact of oseltamivir (Commercial name: “Tamiflu”) (WHO, Avian FAQ 2005)
Resistance to the antiviral drugs amantadine and rimantadine (CDC, Antivirals 2006)
FIFTH PARAGRAPH (special considerations with avian food chain)
Proper food handling procedures
Consumption of raw eggs should be avoided (www.cornelluniversity.edu)
SIXTH PARAGRAPH (prevention; critical analysis of the impact of political factors)
The wearing of special garments, boots, glasses, gloves and PPE (Occupational Safety and Health Administration,
2006)
Slaughter of infected birds as a preventative tool
Prevention issues in humans (NIH, 2009)
SEVENTH PARAGRAPH (human and animal vaccination comparisons and predictions)
Fort Dodge Animal Health avian vaccine
Current use of the vaccine in France in wild duck flocks
Similarity of vaccines
Predictions for the future re the vaccine (www.fortdodge.org)
EIGHTH PARAGRAPH (vaccine problems)
People are more mobile – vaccines may not keep up
Special problems in undeveloped countries
Dangers and risks associated with adjuvants in vaccines (Black, 2008)
CONCLUDING PARAGRAPH
Summary of ideas in paragraphs from 2-8
Comparison of issues and prioritization of research targets
Prediction of future tasks and changes in agricultural practices
Concluding sentence
Make Notes on References as you work:
BY 206 – Term Paper Assignment
Outline due: Tuesday, October 1 st @ 9:30 am
Term Paper due: Tuesday, November 19 th @ 9:30 am
NOTE: I strongly recommend you submit BEFORE THE DEADLINE in case of problems with technology, medical
or family emergency, or any other last minute crises. Late submissions will NOT be accepted.
Introduction
As students, you often write things like term papers and lab reports, but as scientists and working health
professionals, you’ll be writing much, much more. We typically imagine scientists documenting their
experiments and observations in scientific journals; this is what lab reports prepare you for. These reports are
called the ‘primary literature’ because the people who conducted the research write the reports. Scientists
also write review papers and essays—these are more like term papers. In these papers, the primary literature
on a particular subject is ‘reviewed’ (i.e., read) and a paper is written compiling and comparing what we
currently understand (or don’t) about a topic. Behind the scenes, scientists also write proposals to get
monetary support their work (i.e, grants) and, NOT behind the scenes, scientists write for the public or for
students—things like newspaper articles, podcasts, or presentations for schools. It’s just as important that
scientists make their ideas and research known to the public as it is to inform other scientists. Without public
understanding, science goes unsupported and ignored. This semester’s writing assignment will take the form
of a review paper.
Assignment
Write an APA style term paper about the current progress in PREVENTION of one chosen
neglected tropical disease in a particular country/region where the Carter Center is actively
working. http://www.cartercenter.org/health/index.html
Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs) are a group of parasitic and bacterial diseases that cause substantial
illness for more than one billion people globally (CDC, 2011). Affecting the world’s poorest people, NTDs
impair physical and cognitive development, contribute to mother and child illness and death, make it difficult
to farm or earn a living, and limit productivity in the workplace. As a result, NTDs trap the poor in a cycle of
poverty and disease.
“Neglected” – Largely wiped out in the more developed parts of the world and persist only in the poorest,
most marginalized communities and conflict areas.
Your topics to choose from include:
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Dracunculiasis (Guinea worm disease)
Onchocerciasis (river blindness)
Trachoma
Lymphatic filariasis (elephantiasis)
Schistosomiasis (bilharziasis; snail fever)
Malaria (not technically a neglected tropical disease)
Guidelines
The purpose of the assignment is to familiarize you with a global microbiology issue, as well as science
writing styles (logical, succinct, no prose or emotional adjectives, the correct use of scientific terms), and to
encourage you to do some critical thinking and analysis of topics related to your studies in microbiology.
This paper is very short, therefore you must avoid being overly general. For example, a good topic would be:
“Prevention of Schistosomiasis in Nigeria,” or “Prevention of Malaria in African Women and Children,” rather
than simply, “Schistosomiasis” or “Malaria” (the latter being overly general in scope). The more specific you
can be in narrowing your topic, the more effective your paper will be.
YOU MUST introduce the disease, the etiologic agent, the country/region/sub-population selected, and
current progress in PREVENTION (separate paragraphs for each, in addition to the introductory paragraph).
Do not discuss treatment as that is outside the scope of this paper and is not directly related to the global
aspects of the issue.
You will also want to include additional paragraphs discussing the global aspects of the disease issues.
Political, social, and/or economic factors that prevent the elimination of the disease in your chosen
country/region/sub-population should be incorporated. Make sure you provide a logical discussion of your
topic in these paragraphs, comparing information from various sources. Briefly define or explain all terms that
we have not discussed in class.
You must have a concluding paragraph that sums up the information presented in your paper. No new
information should appear in the concluding paragraph. Critical analysis should be included in this paragraph.
For example, making your own predictions or explanations for problems that you have read about, or
comparing two different strategies seen in two difference sources.
Format and Length
The format of the paper will be APA (American Psychological Association) – NOT MLA. See detailed
formatting checklist at the bottom of this page and additional resources in the Term Paper module in Canvas.
You will be comparing and summarizing information from at least six (6) sources including at least three (3)
primary literature sources (references) and you must demonstrate an ability to add your own critical analysis,
predictions, hypothetical examples, or other critical thinking skills. Your textbook, peer-reviewed journals*,
government agency websites, books or eBooks from our library, and University websites are all approved
sources.
*Note: Peer-reviewed journal articles are the only sources that are considered primary literature, and
therefore should comprise at least three (3) of your sources. For the purposes of this assignment,
primary literature will only be acceptable if less than five (5) years old.
The paper will be short, so that every sentence must be meaningful and necessary. The paper must be
between 1,000 and 1,250* words (NOT INCLUDING REFERENCES). I will check each paper for the word count.
You will receive a SIGNIFICANT grade deduction for those papers that are under 1,000 words or over 1,250
words.
*Note: Word count is calculated from introduction through conclusion. Title page, abstract, and
reference page do NOT count towards minimum length requirement.
There will be no direct quotes anywhere in the paper, referenced or not. This is to encourage you to learn
effective analysis and paraphrasing techniques. No “cut and paste” transfers will be tolerated, and will result
in an immediate failing grade on the assignment. I can always tell – even if you change some of the words!
Additional Requirements
You must submit your paper as an electronic copy via VeriCite, Brenau’s anti-plagiarism software. This will
allow me to be sure that your paper is completely original and that you did not accidentally “cut and paste”
any material from online sources. You will receive a SIGNIFICANT grade deduction for higher than a 20%
plagiarism match. NOTE: In my course, you are not permitted to view your VeriCite score before submitting
your final paper. I find that encourages students to simply “fix” the plagiarized sections caught by VeriCite,
rather than actually understanding the art of paraphrasing and citing. Likewise, you are NOT permitted to
submit your paper to the Canvas site of any other course. Any student who does this will receive an automatic
failing grade on the assignment. If you are nervous about plagiarism, I suggest making an appointment with
one of Brenau’s research librarians (or with me) to go over your paper in detail.
You are allowed exactly one submission on this assignment. Exceptions will not be made – even if you
accidentally submitted an assignment from another class instead of your term paper, or if you noticed just one
typo that you wanted to fix. Make sure that your paper is entirely finished and that you’ve uploaded the
correct file before submitting.
Grading
The paper will be graded using the Brenau University Writing Skills Assessment Form (available via the
Canvas Term Paper module).
In order to earn a grade of 90 points or higher (an A), in addition to the requirements specifically detailed
above, you must demonstrate that you have learned how to properly type a scientific name using binomial
nomenclature, and that you can create properly formatted APA-style references and corresponding in-text
citations.
Per the Brenau University Writing Skills Assessment Form, term papers will receive an automatic failing grade
for the following “profound deficiencies”
• Does not conform to one of the accepted paper topics
o (PREVENTION of one chosen neglected tropical disease in a particular country/region where the
Carter Center is actively working)
• Does not meet the minimum length requirement
o 1,000-1,250 words. (Word count is calculated from introduction through conclusion. Title page,
abstract, and reference page do NOT count towards minimum length requirement.)
• Significantly exceeds the maximum length requirement
• Does not contain APA in-text citations; contains other major errors in APA format
• Does not contain the correct number or type of required references
• Contains direct quotes, referenced or not
• Contains profound errors in grammar, punctuation, and usage
• Does not adhere to the Brenau University policy on plagiarism
Note: These are just a few commonly observed examples of profound deficiencies – See Brenau University
Science Writing Skills Assessment Form for full grading details
Formatting checklist…
Paper sections must include:
? Title page
? Abstract page with keyword list
? Body pages, including an introduction, interior sections with subheads (at least level 1, but also level 2
where appropriate), and a conclusion
? Reference list page(s)
Paper format must include:
? Double-spaces between lines and paragraphs (be careful to avoid triple-line spacing between
paragraphs)
? Flush left/ragged right paragraph alignment (except on the title page which will be centered)
? ½-inch paragraph indents
? 1-inch margins
? Headers
? Page numbers on the top right corner
Reference list must include:
? Double-spaces within each reference
? Double-spaces between each reference (not triple)
? References in alphabetical order
? ½-inch hanging indents on each reference (see sample paper)
Type font and size:
? Times New Roman
? Size – 12 pt.
? Do not use all caps except in cases of acronyms or abbreviations (e.g., USA, NASA)
Number rules:
? Numbers from zero to ten should be spelled-out, numerals can be used for numbers over ten
? Numerals can also be used in combination with a measurement or percent symbol (e.g., 60 miles, 75%)
? Any time a number is at the beginning of a sentence, spell-out the number. No exceptions.
Addition information and recommendations…
You MUST follow APA style instructions as posted on our Canvas site exactly. The formatting checklist above
is a much simplified version of APA, and is NOT inclusive of all formatting requirements.
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You should print and read the Brenau University Writing Skills Assessment Form as well as all APA
formatting rules before submitting your paper.
You should also compare your paper to the example paper(s) posted on Canvas for style and format
tips, although of course your paper will be different in terms or length and focus. If the style of your
paper seems different, you should consider making an appointment at the Writing Center or the Math
& Science SPA (Study Place for Achievement) for assistance. You should probably do this anyway
unless you are a very experienced science writer. This will have to be planned several weeks in
advance. Bring all assignment instructions, APA formatting guidelines, example papers, and references
with you so that the tutors will best be able to help you.

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