Question 1: Present both psychological and biological theories that have been proposed to account for the development of sexual orientation. Question 2: Discuss the arguments both for and against help

Question 1: Present both psychological and biological theories that have been proposed to account for the development of sexual orientation. Question 2: Discuss the arguments both for and against help
Summary SEXUALITY? The external female organs (vulva) consist of the mons pubis, labia majora, labia minora, and clitoris. ? The four phases of the sexual response cycle are excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution. ? Women, more so than men, are capable of multiple orgasms. ? Orgasms resulting from clitoral and vaginal orgasm are physiologically the same. ? The sexual double standard condones casual sexual activity for men but not for women. ? Women have less permissive attitudes toward sexual behavior than men and emphasize rela- tionships as a context for sex. ? Women are less likely than men to engage in most sexual behaviors. ? The four major types of sexual dysfunction are sexual desire disorders, sexual arousal disorders, orgasm disorders, and sexual pain disorders. ? The new view of women?s sexual problems focuses on sociocultural, psychological, and relational factors. LESBIAN, GAY, BISEXUAL, ASEXUAL, AND TRANSGENDER INDIVIDUALS ? Lesbians and gay men are attracted to same- sex persons; bisexuals are attracted to both sexes and asexual individuals are attracted to neither. The gender identity of transgender persons differs from the one assigned at birth. ? Sexual identities of some sexual minority indi- viduals change over time. ? Homophobia is pervasive in American soci- ety. It is most commonly found in older, less educated, politically conservative males who hold traditional gender-related attitudes and fundamentalist religious beliefs. ? Complex interactions among genetic, hor- monal, and environmental factors appear to determine sexual orientation. SEXUAL ACTIVITY DURING ADOLESCENCE ? Rates of teenage sexuality have been decreasing. ? The onset of sexual activity is influenced by pubertal development and individual charac- teristics as well as by family and peers. SEXUAL ACTIVITY IN MIDLIFE ? Postmenopausal physical changes can lead to painful intercourse. ? Some women show a decline in sexual interest and capacity for orgasm whereas others show the opposite pattern. SEXUAL ACTIVITY IN LATER LIFE ? Sexual activity can have physical, psychologi- cal, and emotional benefits for older individu- als. ? Interest in sexual activity remains fairly high throughout adulthood, declining gradually in the later years. ? Sexual interest and activity are greater for older men than for older women. One reason for decreased sexual activity, especially for women, is the lack of a partner. ? Physical changes, illness, disability, and psy- chosocial factors influence sexual behavior in older women. ? Sexuality may be enhanced through counsel- ing, changes in societal attitudes, and greater opportunities for intimate contact. Chapter 6 Sexuality If You Want to Learn More Carpenter, L. & DeLamater, J. (2012). Sex for life: From virginity to Viagra, how sexuality changes throughout our lives. New York: New York University Press. Casta?da, D. (Ed.) (2013). The essential handbook of women?s sexuality. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. Egan, D. (2013). Becoming sexual: A critical appraisal of the sexualization of girls. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press. Erickson-Schroth, L. (2014). Trans bodies, trans selves: A resource for the transgender community. New York: Oxford University Press. Kimmel, M. (2014). Sexualities: Identities, behaviors, and society. New York: Oxford University Press. Melancon, T. & Braxton, J. (Eds.). (2015). Black female sexualities. Rutgers, NJ: Rutgers University Press. Natterson, C. & Masse, J. (2013). The care and keeping of you 2: The body book for older girls. Middleton, WI: American Girl. Orenstein, P. (2016). Girls and sex: Navigating the compli- cated new landscape. New York: Harper. Rathus, S.A. et al. (2013). Human sexuality in a world of diversity (9th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Richards, C. & Barker, M.-J. (2015). The Palgrave hand- book of the psychology of sexuality and gender. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. Rutter, V. & Schwartz, P. (2012). The gender of sexuality: Exploring sexual possibilities (2nd ed.). Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield. Shifren, J.L. et al. (2013). Sexuality in midlife and beyond. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Tolman, D.L. & Diamond, L.M. (2013). APA handbook of sexuality and psychology. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. Wade, L. (2017). American hookup: The new culture of sex on campus. New York: W.W. Norton. Websites Disability Disabled People?s International http://www.dpi.org Sexual Minorities American Civil Liberties Union?LGBT Rights http://www.aclu.org/lgbt-rights http://lgbt.foundation/get-support/ http://pride-institute.com/programs/?gclid=CPKoy 5jyutACFdccgQodpZQDtQ
Question 1: Present both psychological and biological theories that have been proposed to account for the development of sexual orientation. Question 2: Discuss the arguments both for and against help
Summary MENSTRUATION? The menstrual cycle is regulated by hormones, brain structures, and reproductive organs. ? Attitudes toward menstruation remain some- what negative, despite evidence that physi- cal and psychological performances do not change meaningfully over the menstrual cycle. ? Some women experience menstrual joy, a feel- ing of heightened creativity and energy. ? A small minority of women experience the symptoms of premenstrual syndrome (PMS). CONTRACEPTION ? Contraceptive use has increased among ado- lescents, but many use contraceptives sporadi- cally or not at all. ? The type of contraception chosen by women changes as their reproductive goals change. ABORTION ? Most abortions occur within the first trimester by means of the vacuum aspiration method. ? Early abortion is physically safe and generally has no negative psychological aftereffects. WOMEN?S REPRODUCTIVE LIVES AROUND THE WORLD ? Many women worldwide marry and bear chil- dren at a young age. ? STIs are increasing in the developing world. ? Practices such as female genital mutilation and sexual exploitation for money endanger the health of young women. ? The poorest women are at greatest risk. PREGNANCY ? Physical effects of pregnancy include nausea, fatigue, and weight gain. ? Women have both positive and negative feel- ings during pregnancy. ? People may react negatively to a pregnant woman. ? Most miscarriages result from genetic defects in the embryo or fetus. ? The teenage pregnancy rate is higher in the United States than in most industrialized nations, but the teenage birth rate is declining, probably due to increased condom use. ? Teen pregnancy has serious economic, social, and medical costs. ? Programs stressing a combination of absti- nence, contraception, and life skills can delay sexual activity and reduce pregnancy rates. CHILDBIRTH ? The three stages of childbirth are dilation of the cervix, birth of the baby, and expulsion of the placenta. ? Rates of cesarean delivery and induction of labor are high in the United States. ? Family-centered approaches to childbear – ing include the Lamaze method, home birth, birthing rooms and centers, and use of mid – wives or doulas. ? Older women have more difficulty conceiving but generally have healthy babies. ? Many women experience maternity blues shortly after giving birth. A small percentage of women experience the more severe postpar- tum depression and postpartum psychosis. ? Increasing numbers of infertile couples are trying reproductive technologies, such as in vitro fertilization, frozen embryos, donor eggs, and surrogate motherhood. REPRODUCTIVE FUNCTIONING IN MIDLIFE AND BEYOND ? Menopause, caused by a decrease in estrogen production, causes hot flashes and vaginal dryness but is not linked to heightened psy- chological distress. ? Menopausal experiences and attitudes differ across ethnic and cultural groups. ? Middle-aged women usually have positive attitudes toward menopause. ? Benefits of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) include decrease in menopausal symp- toms and decrease in the risk of osteoporosis and colon cancer. ? Risks of HRT include increased risk of heart attack, stroke, breast and ovarian cancer, gall bladder disease, and urinary incontinence. ? Alternatives to HRT include synthetic estro- gens and phyto-estrogens. Chapter 7 Reproductive System and Childbearings Websites Sexuality and Reproductive Health About Go Ask Alice! http://www.goaskalice.columbia.edu/ Contraception About Go Ask Alice! http://www.goaskalice.columbia.edu/ Planned Parenthood: Your Contraceptive Choices http://www.plannedparenthood.org/pp2/portal/ medicalinfo/birthcontrol/ Pregnancy and Childbirth Reproductive Health http://www.cdc.gov/reproductivehealth/index.htm http://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/ pregnancy-week-by-week/in-depth/hiv-20049471 Childbirth http://www.childbirth.org Pregnancy & Child Health Resource Centers http://www.mayoclinic.com/findinformation/ healthylivingcenter/index.cfm Infertility Infertility Resources http://www.ihr.com/infertility Menopause North American Menopause Society http://www.menopause org If You Want to Learn More Barnes, D. (2014). Women?s reproductive mental health across the life span. New York: Springer. Camosy, C. (2015). Beyond the abortion wars: A way for- ward for a new generation. Cambridge, UK: Wm. B. Eerdmans. Daum, M. (2015). Selfish, shallow and self-absorbed: Sixteen writers on the decision not to have kids. New York: Picador. Erdmans, M.P. & Black, T. (2015). On becoming a teen mom: Life before pregnancy. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. Fahs, B. (2016). Out for blood: Essays on menstruation and resistance. Albany, NY: State University of New York, Albany. Faubion, S. (2016). Mayo Clinic: The menopause solution. New York: Time Inc. Books. Jensen, J.R. (2015). Mayo Clinic guide to fertility and con- ception. Rochester, MN: Mayo Clinic. Kleiman, K. & Raskin, V.D. (2013). This isn?t what I expected: Postpartum depression (2nd ed.). Cambridge, MA: DaCapo Lifelong Books. Lehmann-Haupt, R. (2015). In her own sweet time: Egg freezing and the new frontier of family. San Francisco, CA: Nothing But The Truth LLC. McHugh, M.C. & Chrisler, J.C. (Eds.). (2015). The wrong prescription for women. Santa Barbara, CA: Praeger. Pearce, L.H. (2015). Moon time: Harness the ever-changing energy of your menstrual cycle (2nd ed.). Author. Schoen, J. (2015). Abortion after Roe. Raleigh, NC: University of North Carolina Press. Simkin, P. (2013). The birth partner: A complete guide to childbirth for dads, doulas, and all other birth compan- ions. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Common Press. Simkin, P. et al. (2016). Pregnancy, childbirth, and the newborn (4th ed.). Minnetonka, MN: Meadowbrook.
Question 1: Present both psychological and biological theories that have been proposed to account for the development of sexual orientation. Question 2: Discuss the arguments both for and against help
Summary FRIENDSHIPS? Girls? friendships are more intimate than those of boys. Girls tend to have a few close friendships whereas boys have larger, less inti- mate friendship groups. ? Both college women and men like to talk to their friends about the other gender. However, women?s conversations more than men?s focus on interpersonal issues. ? Emotional closeness is important to the friendships of both heterosexual and lesbian women but is more central to women?s than men?s friendships. ? Gender socialization and heterosexual males? perceived connection between emotional closeness and homosexuality are two explana- tions for the gender difference. ? Friendships among older women enhance physical and mental health. ROMANTIC RELATIONSHIPS ? Heterosexual women are more likely than heterosexual men to value a romantic part- ner?s financial stability and less likely to place importance on physical attractiveness. Similarly, lesbian women put less emphasis on physical attractiveness than gay men do. ? Heterosexual and gay men put more empha – sis on the physical attractiveness of a potential partner than heterosexual and lesbian women. ? Middle-aged women are more likely than middle-aged men to be dissatisfied with their appearance. ? Romantic relationships are commonly charac- terized by traditional gender-related behaviors and roles. When there is a power imbalance, the male is generally viewed as the more pow- erful partner. ? The age when adolescents start to date has decreased. ? Many dating behaviors are strongly gender- stereotypical. ? Men are more likely than women to perceive nonsexual behaviors, such as a female asking out a male, as indicative of sexual interest. ? Current dating trends include development of urban ?partnering markets,? online dat- ing services, speed-dating, and dating among older singles. COMMITTED RELATIONSHIPS ? Most women and men marry, but the age of marriage has gone up in recent years. ? High levels of marital satisfaction are related to problem-focused coping strategies, similar- ity of goals, values, and attitudes, and good communication. ? Marital satisfaction decreases when children are born and increases when they leave home. ? Women and men who are married are happier and healthier than their unmarried counter- parts. ? More men than women are married in later life. ? Cohabiters who do not intend to marry tend to be less satisfied with their relationships than married individuals. ? Married couples who previously cohabited are more likely to get divorced. This might be accounted for by a selection effect. ? Most lesbians are in committed, egalitarian, sexually exclusive relationships. Although many experience stressors not encountered by heterosexuals, they are similar to their hetero- sexual counterparts in their relationship satis- faction. ? Older lesbians in committed relationships provide each other with a mutual support sys- tem and shared economic benefits. SINGLE WOMEN ? About 40 percent of U.S. marriages end in divorce. ? Divorce is associated with stressors for both women and their children. ? Despite initial emotional problems, both women and children tend to effectively adjust. ? Divorced women are generally less depressed than those in unhappy marriages. ? Employment and social support help women cope during the postdivorce period. Chapter 8 Relationships If You Want to Know More Baker, M. & Elizabeth, V. (2014). Marriage in an age of cohabitation: How and when people tie the knot in the 21st century. New York: Oxford University Press. Bookwala, J. (2016). Couple relationships in the middle and later years: Their nature, complexity, and role in health and illness. Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association. DePaulo, B. (2011). Singlism: What it is, why it matters, and how to stop it. DoubleDoor Books. deToledo, S. & Brown, D.E. (2013). Grandparents as par- ents: A survival guide for raising a second family. New York: Guilford. Dixon, P. (2017). African American relationships, mar – riages, and families (2nd ed.). New York: Routledge. Fentiman, L.C. (2017). Blaming mothers: American law and the risks to human health. New York: New York University Press. Golombok, S. (2015). Modern families: Parents and chil- dren in new family forms. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Lamanna, M.A. & Riedmann, A. (2014). Marriages, fami- lies, and relationships: Making choices in a diverse society (2nd ed.). Stamford, CT: Cengage Learning. Marze, E.H. (2013). Widowhood. Mustang, OK: Tate. Mezey, M.J. (2015). LGBT families. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Nielsen, L. (2012). Father-daughter-relationships: Con- temporary research and issues. New York: Routledge. Strong, B. & Cohen, T.F. (2013). The marriage and fami- ly experience: Intimate relationships in a changing society. Stamford, CT: Cengage Learning Systems. Traister, R. (2016). All the single ladies: Unmarried women and the rise of an independent nation . New York: Simon & Schuster. Willie, C.V. & Reddick, R.J. (2010). A new look at Black families. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield. ? Single women report mixed feelings about being unattached. Some regret the absence of a steady partner, some are satisfied living alone, and some become involved in romantic rela- tionships. Many are highly involved in social networks of relatives, friends, and neighbors. ? Single women have skills in independent liv – ing and in building support systems. ? Women are more likely than men to be wid- owed but are much less likely to remarry. ? Reaction to widowhood depends on several fac- tors including age, degree of forewarning of the spouse?s death, and financial and social resources. ? Loss of a same-sex partner may be very stressful. MOTHERHOOD ? The good mother stereotype can lead to moth- ers being blamed and mothers? self-blame if something goes wrong or if the mothers devi- ate from the ideal stereotype. ? Many single mothers face financial problems. Social support, as well as extended and aug- mented families, can help single mothers cope. ? Lesbian and heterosexual mothers are similar in mothering style and adjustment. Children reared in lesbian and heterosexual families are similar in their psychological and social adjustment and their sexual orientation. ? Most women report positive feelings about the ?empty nest? period. Women who were employed during the childrearing years find it easier to relinquish the parental role. RELATIONSHIPS IN THE LATER YEARS ? Feelings of closeness among siblings increase during adulthood, and the sister?sister bond is especially strong. ? Older women generally have positive relation- ships with their adult daughters. ? Unmarried older adults, most of whom are women, prefer living alone. Living with an adult child is the least popular choice, espe- cially among Whites. ? The closeness of the grandparent?grandchild relationship depends on many factors. ? More grandparents than ever live in multi- generation households, particularly in ethnic minority groups. ? Increasing numbers of grandmothers are rear- ing their grandchildren. ? Growing numbers of older adults, especially women, are caregivers of their parents. Websites Lesbian Mothers http://www.lesbian.org/lesbian-moms/ http://www.lifewithroozle.com/2013/05/11/ lesbian-motherhood/ Living Arrangements Senior Living Alternatives http://www.senioralternatives.com/ Parents with Disabilities http://www.ncd.gov/publications/2012/Sep272012/ Ch13 http://www.disabledparentrights.orgCaregiving National Alliance for Caregiving http://www.caregiving.org Grandparents http://www.aarp.org/relationships/grandparenting/ http://www.grandparents.com/gp/home/index.html http://www.aarp.org/relationships/friends-family/info- 08-2011/grandfamilies-guide-getting-started.html
Question 1: Present both psychological and biological theories that have been proposed to account for the development of sexual orientation. Question 2: Discuss the arguments both for and against help
Summary WOMEN?S EDUCATIONAL GOALS, ATTAINMENTS, AND CAMPUS EXPERIENCES? Across ethnicities, adolescent girls endorse higher educational and occupational goals than do boys. ? Women obtain the majority of associate?s, bachelor?s, master?s, and doctoral degrees, and half of all professional degrees. ? Worldwide, girls? access to education is improving, but several countries still have seri- ous gender gaps. ? The campus climate can be problematic for some women. They may experience sexism in the classroom, and many perceive the aca- demic environment as hostile and demeaning. ? Women of color, poor women, and women with disabilities experience additional prob- lems on campus. WOMEN?S WORK-RELATED GOALS ? College women generally aspire to less presti- gious careers than college men. Few women decide to enter the physical sciences or engi- neering. ? Career counselors can do several things to sup- port and expand women?s career aspirations. ? Most college women envision their futures as involving employment, marriage, and moth- erhood. Many plan to interrupt their employ- ment for childrearing. ? Women have lower salary expectations than men. Possible explanations are women?s knowledge that females earn less than males, their willingness to accommodate their jobs to their family lives, and their belief that they deserve less. INFLUENCES ON WOMEN?S ACHIEVEMENT LEVEL AND CAREER DECISIONS ? There is no evidence that women have less motivation to achieve than men do or that women stay away from high-achieving situa- tions because they fear success. ? Gender differences in attributions for perfor- mance are very small and are more likely to occur when making attributions in gender- stereotypic domains. ? Women display less self-confidence than men, especially in relation to male-linked tasks and when estimates of one?s performance are made publicly. ? Women with nontraditional gender-related traits or attitudes are more likely to aspire toward male-dominated careers. ? Women?s feelings of self-efficacy for particular occupational fields are related to their aspira- tions for those fields. ? Career decisions of sexual minority individu- als are sometimes influenced by their percep- tions of the job climate for lesbians and gay men. ? Family support and family and cultural values can influence women?s career development. ? Job-related characteristics valued more highly by males include a good salary, promotions, and opportunity for advancement. ? Characteristics valued more strongly by females are interpersonal relationships and helping others. However, women in male- dominated occupations highly value mascu- line-typed job qualities. Chapter 9 Education and Achievement If You Want to Learn More Bilimoria, D. & Lord, L. (Eds.). (2014). Women in STEM careers: International perspectives. Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar Publishing. Branch, E.H. (Ed.). (2016). Pathways, potholes, and the persistence of women in the sciences: Reconsidering the pipeline. Lanham, MD: Lexington. DuQuaine-Watson, J. (2017). Mothering by degrees: Single women and the pursuit of post-secondary education. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press. Fitzgerald, T. (2013). Women leaders in higher education. London, UK: Society for Research in Higher Education. Gill, J. et al. (2016). A girl?s education: Schooling and the formation of gender, identities, and future visions. London, UK: Palgrave Macmillan. Jackson, J.F.L. & O?Callaghan, E.M. (2014). Measuring glass ceiling effects in higher education: Opportunities and challenges. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass. Kay, K. & Shipman, C. (2014). The confidence code: The science and art of self-assurance?What women should know. New York: HarperCollins. Kerr, B. & McKay, R. (2014). Smart girls in the 21st cen- tury: Understanding talented girls and women. Tucson, AZ: Great Potential Press. Liben, L.S. & Bigler, R.S. (Eds.). (2014). Advances in child development and behavior: The role of gender in education- al contexts and outcomes. Waltham, MA: Academic Press. Marina, B.L.H. & Ross, S.N. (2016). Beyond reten – tion: Cultivating spaces of equity, justice, and fairness for women of color in U.S. higher education. IAP? Information Age Publishing, Inc. Marx, S. (Ed.). (2017). Qualitative research in STEM: Studies of equity, access, and innovation. Amazon Digital Services. Patton, L.D. & Croom, N.N. (2016). Critical perspectives on Black women and college success. New York: Routledge. Pomerantz, S. & Raby, R. (2017). Smart girls: Success, school, and the myth of post-feminism. Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press. Rosser, S. (2012). Breaking into the lab: Engineering progress for women in science. New York: New York University Press. Stacki, S.L. & Bailey, S. (2015). Educating adolescent girls around the globe: Challenges and opportunities. New York: Routledge. Yousafzai, M. (2013). I am Malala: The girl who stood up for education and was shot by the Taliban . New York: Little, Brown & Co. Websites Education American Association of University Women http://www.aauw.org Women with Disabilities Disabled People?s International http://www.dpi.org
Question 1: Present both psychological and biological theories that have been proposed to account for the development of sexual orientation. Question 2: Discuss the arguments both for and against help
Summary WOMEN?S EMPLOYMENT RATES AND OCCUPATIONAL CHOICES? More than 60 percent of women 16 years and older, including those who are mar – ried and have young children, are employed. Economic necessity is a major reason for women?s employment. ? Although the last several decades have seen a decrease, gender and ethnic segregation in the workplace continue to be highly prevalent. The most prestigious occupations are domi- nated by White men. GENDER DIFFERENCES IN LEADERSHIP AND JOB ADVANCEMENT ? Women and people of color are less likely than White males to attain high positions in their occupations. ? Barriers that hinder women?s advancement include the glass ceiling, shorter job ladders, limited availability of mentors, exclusion from informal social networks, and discrimination. ? Discriminatory treatment is due, in part, to the operation of gender stereotypes, ingroup favor- itism, and White males? perception of threat. ? Women are presumed to be less capable lead- ers than men. Males often express dislike for highly competent and agentic women. ? As leaders, women tend to be more transfor – mational and less transactional than men. GENDER DIFFERENCES IN SALARIES ? Women earn 80 percent of what men earn. The gender discrepancy is even greater between women of color and White men. These income differences result from several factors, including gender differences in job investments, in occupations, in job levels, and in salary negotiation, as well as discrimination. ? Women generally believe their salaries are not commensurate with their work value, ability, and experience. ? In many developing countries, girls and women work in sweatshops for low wages. WOMEN?S JOB SATISFACTION ? Women are as satisfied as or more satisfied than men with their jobs. ? One factor contributing to job satisfaction for sexual minorities is the organizational climate for lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender workers. THE OLDER WOMAN WORKER ? Increased numbers of middle-aged and older women are in the labor force. Economic necessity is a key reason. ? Employment among older women promotes physical and psychological well-being. ? Women face age discrimination in the work- place at a younger age than men. CHANGING THE WORKPLACE ? Organizational strategies that can improve the workplace for women and people of color include implementation of pay equity, establishment of clearly defined affirmative action policies and procedures, and mainte- nance of an organizational environment char- acterized by sensitivity to diversity. RETIREMENT ? Women?s retirement decisions depend on many factors. ? Women earning low wages tend to delay retire- ment, as do professional and self-employed women. Older women with caregiving respon- sibilities tend to retire early. ? The decision to retire is influenced by indi- vidual, family, economic, and occupational factors. ? The transition to retirement is a time of marital conflict, especially when husbands retire first. ? Satisfaction in retirement is associated with hav- ing good health, adequate income, a high activ- ity level, and contact with friends and relatives. ? Older women and men differ in the nature of their preferred leisure activities. Chapter 10 Employment If You Want to Learn More Bennett, J. (2016). Feminist fight club: An office sur-vival manual (for a sexist workplace) . New York: HarperCollins. Bisom-Rapp, S. & Sargeant, M. (2016). Lifetime disad- vantage, discrimination and the gendered workforce. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Brzezinski, M. (2012). Knowing your value: Women, money, and getting what you?re worth. New York: Weinstein Publishing. Bullock, H.E. (2013). Women and poverty: Psychology, public policy, and social justice. Chichester, UK: Wiley- Blackwell. Chin, J.L. & Trimble, J.E. (2015). Diversity and leadership. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Colgan, F. & Rumens, N. (Eds.). (2015). Sexual orientation at work: Contemporary issues and perspectives. New York: Routledge. Connerly, M.L. & Wu, J. (Eds.). (2015). Handbook on well-being of working women. New York: Springer. Goodman, J. et al. (Eds.). (2013). Global perspectives on gender and work: Readings and interpretations. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield. Karsten, M.F. (2016). Gender, race, and ethnicity in the workplace: Emerging issues and enduring challenges. Santa Barbara, CA: Praeger. Lublin, J.S. (2016). Earning it: Hard-won lessons from trail- blazing women at the top of the business world. New York: HarperBusiness. Nicolson, P. (2015). Gender, power, and organization: A psy- chological perspective on life at work. New York: Routledge. Patton, W. (Ed.). (2013). Conceptualising women?s work- ing lives: Moving the boundaries of discourse. Rotterdam: Sense. Sandberg, S. (2013). Women, work, and the will to lead. New York: Knopf Doubleday. Solotoff, L. & Kramer, H.S. (2014). Sex discrimination and sexual harassment in the workplace. New York: Law Journal Press. Verveer, M. & Azzarelli, K.K. (2015). Fast forward: How women can achieve purpose and power. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. Williams, J.C. & Dempsey, R. (2014). What works for women at work: Four patterns working women need to know. New York: New York University Press. ECONOMIC ISSUES IN LATER LIFE ? Older women, especially minorities, are more likely than older men to be poor or near-poor. ? The poverty rate is greater for very old women and for unmarried women. ? Because women, compared with men, spend less continuous time in the workforce, and are in more low-paying jobs, their eligibil – ity for and benefits from Social Security and pensions suffer. Women also have less income from savings and investments than do men. ? In developing nations, retirement benefits often do not exist, and many women must work in later life. ? Preretirement planning in young adulthood can improve women?s financial security during later life. Websites Women in the Workplace Women?s Bureau of the U.S. Department of Labor http://www.dol.gov/wb/ Lesbians in the Workplace Human Rights Campaign: Workplace http://www.hrc.org/issues/workplace.asp Pay Equity AFL-CIO: Working Women Working Together http://www.aflcio.org/women Retirement and Economic Issues AARP (formerly, the American Association of Retired Persons) http://www.aarp.org Gender and the Social Security System http://www.socialsecuritymatters.org/

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